697 lines
18 KiB
Groff
697 lines
18 KiB
Groff
'\" t
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.\" Title: useradd
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.\" Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
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.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.76.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
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.\" Date: 05/25/2012
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.\" Manual: System Management Commands
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.\" Source: shadow-utils 4.1.5.1
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.\" Language: English
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.\"
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.TH "USERADD" "8" "05/25/2012" "shadow\-utils 4\&.1\&.5\&.1" "System Management Commands"
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" * Define some portability stuff
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
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.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
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.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
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.el .ds Aq '
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" * set default formatting
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" disable hyphenation
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.nh
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.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
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.ad l
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.SH "NAME"
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useradd \- create a new user or update default new user information
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.SH "SYNOPSIS"
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.HP \w'\fBuseradd\fR\ 'u
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\fBuseradd\fR [\fIoptions\fR] \fILOGIN\fR
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.HP \w'\fBuseradd\fR\ 'u
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\fBuseradd\fR \-D
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.HP \w'\fBuseradd\fR\ 'u
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\fBuseradd\fR \-D [\fIoptions\fR]
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.SH "DESCRIPTION"
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.PP
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When invoked without the
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\fB\-D\fR
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option, the
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\fBuseradd\fR
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command creates a new user account using the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the system\&. Depending on command line options, the
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\fBuseradd\fR
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command will update system files and may also create the new user\*(Aqs home directory and copy initial files\&.
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.PP
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By default, a group will also be created for the new user (see
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\fB\-g\fR,
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\fB\-N\fR,
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\fB\-U\fR, and
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\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR)\&.
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.SH "OPTIONS"
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.PP
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The options which apply to the
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\fBuseradd\fR
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command are:
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.PP
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\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-base\-dir\fR \fIBASE_DIR\fR
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.RS 4
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The default base directory for the system if
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\fB\-d\fR
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\fIHOME_DIR\fR
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is not specified\&.
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\fIBASE_DIR\fR
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is concatenated with the account name to define the home directory\&. If the
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\fB\-m\fR
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option is not used,
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\fIBASE_DIR\fR
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must exist\&.
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.sp
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If this option is not specified,
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\fBuseradd\fR
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will use the base directory specified by the
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\fBHOME\fR
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variable in
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/etc/default/useradd, or
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/home
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by default\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-comment\fR \fICOMMENT\fR
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.RS 4
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Any text string\&. It is generally a short description of the login, and is currently used as the field for the user\*(Aqs full name\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-home\fR \fIHOME_DIR\fR
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.RS 4
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The new user will be created using
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\fIHOME_DIR\fR
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as the value for the user\*(Aqs login directory\&. The default is to append the
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\fILOGIN\fR
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name to
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\fIBASE_DIR\fR
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and use that as the login directory name\&. The directory
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\fIHOME_DIR\fR
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does not have to exist but will not be created if it is missing\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-D\fR, \fB\-\-defaults\fR
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.RS 4
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See below, the subsection "Changing the default values"\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR \fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
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.RS 4
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The date on which the user account will be disabled\&. The date is specified in the format
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\fIYYYY\-MM\-DD\fR\&.
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.sp
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If not specified,
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\fBuseradd\fR
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will use the default expiry date specified by the
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\fBEXPIRE\fR
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variable in
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/etc/default/useradd, or an empty string (no expiry) by default\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR \fIINACTIVE\fR
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.RS 4
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The number of days after a password expires until the account is permanently disabled\&. A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the password has expired, and a value of \-1 disables the feature\&.
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.sp
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If not specified,
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\fBuseradd\fR
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will use the default inactivity period specified by the
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\fBINACTIVE\fR
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variable in
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/etc/default/useradd, or \-1 by default\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR \fIGROUP\fR
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.RS 4
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The group name or number of the user\*(Aqs initial login group\&. The group name must exist\&. A group number must refer to an already existing group\&.
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.sp
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If not specified, the behavior of
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\fBuseradd\fR
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will depend on the
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\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
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variable in
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/etc/login\&.defs\&. If this variable is set to
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\fIyes\fR
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(or
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\fB\-U/\-\-user\-group\fR
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is specified on the command line), a group will be created for the user, with the same name as her loginname\&. If the variable is set to
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\fIno\fR
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(or
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\fB\-N/\-\-no\-user\-group\fR
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is specified on the command line), useradd will set the primary group of the new user to the value specified by the
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\fBGROUP\fR
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variable in
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/etc/default/useradd, or 100 by default\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-groups\fR \fIGROUP1\fR[\fI,GROUP2,\&.\&.\&.\fR[\fI,GROUPN\fR]]]
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.RS 4
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A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of\&. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace\&. The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the
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\fB\-g\fR
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option\&. The default is for the user to belong only to the initial group\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
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.RS 4
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Display help message and exit\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-skel\fR \fISKEL_DIR\fR
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.RS 4
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The skeleton directory, which contains files and directories to be copied in the user\*(Aqs home directory, when the home directory is created by
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\fBuseradd\fR\&.
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.sp
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This option is only valid if the
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\fB\-m\fR
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(or
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\fB\-\-create\-home\fR) option is specified\&.
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.sp
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If this option is not set, the skeleton directory is defined by the
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\fBSKEL\fR
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variable in
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/etc/default/useradd
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or, by default,
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/etc/skel\&.
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.sp
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If possible, the ACLs and extended attributes are copied\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-K\fR, \fB\-\-key\fR \fIKEY\fR=\fIVALUE\fR
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.RS 4
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Overrides
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/etc/login\&.defs
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defaults (\fBUID_MIN\fR,
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\fBUID_MAX\fR,
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\fBUMASK\fR,
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\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR
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and others)\&.
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Example:
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\fB\-K \fR\fIPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR=\fI\-1\fR
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can be used when creating system account to turn off password ageing, even though system account has no password at all\&. Multiple
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\fB\-K\fR
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options can be specified, e\&.g\&.:
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\fB\-K \fR
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\fIUID_MIN\fR=\fI100\fR
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\fB\-K \fR
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\fIUID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-no\-log\-init\fR
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.RS 4
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Do not add the user to the lastlog and faillog databases\&.
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.sp
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By default, the user\*(Aqs entries in the lastlog and faillog databases are resetted to avoid reusing the entry from a previously deleted user\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-create\-home\fR
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.RS 4
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Create the user\*(Aqs home directory if it does not exist\&. The files and directories contained in the skeleton directory (which can be defined with the
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\fB\-k\fR
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option) will be copied to the home directory\&.
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.sp
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By default, if this option is not specified and
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\fBCREATE_HOME\fR
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is not enabled, no home directories are created\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-M\fR
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.RS 4
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Do no create the user\*(Aqs home directory, even if the system wide setting from
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/etc/login\&.defs
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(\fBCREATE_HOME\fR) is set to
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\fIyes\fR\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-N\fR, \fB\-\-no\-user\-group\fR
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.RS 4
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Do not create a group with the same name as the user, but add the user to the group specified by the
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\fB\-g\fR
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option or by the
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\fBGROUP\fR
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variable in
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/etc/default/useradd\&.
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.sp
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The default behavior (if the
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\fB\-g\fR,
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\fB\-N\fR, and
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\fB\-U\fR
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options are not specified) is defined by the
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\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
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variable in
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/etc/login\&.defs\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
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.RS 4
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Allow the creation of a user account with a duplicate (non\-unique) UID\&.
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.sp
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This option is only valid in combination with the
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\fB\-u\fR
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option\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR \fIPASSWORD\fR
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.RS 4
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The encrypted password, as returned by
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\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&. The default is to disable the password\&.
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.sp
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\fBNote:\fR
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This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
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.sp
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You should make sure the password respects the system\*(Aqs password policy\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR
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.RS 4
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Create a system account\&.
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.sp
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System users will be created with no aging information in
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/etc/shadow, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the
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\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR
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range, defined in
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/etc/login\&.defs, instead of
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\fBUID_MIN\fR\-\fBUID_MAX\fR
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(and their
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\fBGID\fR
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counterparts for the creation of groups)\&.
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.sp
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Note that
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\fBuseradd\fR
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will not create a home directory for such an user, regardless of the default setting in
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/etc/login\&.defs
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(\fBCREATE_HOME\fR)\&. You have to specify the
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\fB\-m\fR
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options if you want a home directory for a system account to be created\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR \fICHROOT_DIR\fR
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.RS 4
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Apply changes in the
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\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
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directory and use the configuration files from the
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\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
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directory\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR \fISHELL\fR
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.RS 4
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The name of the user\*(Aqs login shell\&. The default is to leave this field blank, which causes the system to select the default login shell specified by the
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\fBSHELL\fR
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variable in
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/etc/default/useradd, or an empty string by default\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-uid\fR \fIUID\fR
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.RS 4
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The numerical value of the user\*(Aqs ID\&. This value must be unique, unless the
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\fB\-o\fR
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option is used\&. The value must be non\-negative\&. The default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to
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\fBUID_MIN\fR
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and greater than every other user\&.
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.sp
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See also the
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\fB\-r\fR
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option and the
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\fBUID_MAX\fR
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description\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-U\fR, \fB\-\-user\-group\fR
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.RS 4
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Create a group with the same name as the user, and add the user to this group\&.
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.sp
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The default behavior (if the
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\fB\-g\fR,
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\fB\-N\fR, and
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\fB\-U\fR
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options are not specified) is defined by the
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\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
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variable in
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/etc/login\&.defs\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-selinux\-user\fR \fISEUSER\fR
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.RS 4
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The SELinux user for the user\*(Aqs login\&. The default is to leave this field blank, which causes the system to select the default SELinux user\&.
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.RE
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.SS "Changing the default values"
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.PP
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When invoked with only the
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\fB\-D\fR
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option,
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\fBuseradd\fR
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will display the current default values\&. When invoked with
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\fB\-D\fR
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plus other options,
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\fBuseradd\fR
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will update the default values for the specified options\&. Valid default\-changing options are:
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.PP
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\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-base\-dir\fR \fIBASE_DIR\fR
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.RS 4
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The path prefix for a new user\*(Aqs home directory\&. The user\*(Aqs name will be affixed to the end of
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\fIBASE_DIR\fR
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to form the new user\*(Aqs home directory name, if the
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\fB\-d\fR
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option is not used when creating a new account\&.
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.sp
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This option sets the
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\fBHOME\fR
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variable in
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/etc/default/useradd\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR \fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
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.RS 4
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The date on which the user account is disabled\&.
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.sp
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This option sets the
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\fBEXPIRE\fR
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variable in
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/etc/default/useradd\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR \fIINACTIVE\fR
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.RS 4
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The number of days after a password has expired before the account will be disabled\&.
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.sp
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This option sets the
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\fBINACTIVE\fR
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variable in
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/etc/default/useradd\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR \fIGROUP\fR
|
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.RS 4
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The group name or ID for a new user\*(Aqs initial group (when the
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\fB\-N/\-\-no\-user\-group\fR
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is used or when the
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\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
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variable is set to
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\fIno\fR
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in
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/etc/login\&.defs)\&. The named group must exist, and a numerical group ID must have an existing entry\&.
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.sp
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This option sets the
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\fBGROUP\fR
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variable in
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/etc/default/useradd\&.
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.RE
|
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.PP
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\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR \fISHELL\fR
|
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.RS 4
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The name of a new user\*(Aqs login shell\&.
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.sp
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|
This option sets the
|
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\fBSHELL\fR
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variable in
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/etc/default/useradd\&.
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.RE
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.SH "NOTES"
|
|
.PP
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|
The system administrator is responsible for placing the default user files in the
|
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/etc/skel/
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directory (or any other skeleton directory specified in
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/etc/default/useradd
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or on the command line)\&.
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.SH "CAVEATS"
|
|
.PP
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|
You may not add a user to a NIS or LDAP group\&. This must be performed on the corresponding server\&.
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.PP
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|
Similarly, if the username already exists in an external user database such as NIS or LDAP,
|
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\fBuseradd\fR
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will deny the user account creation request\&.
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.PP
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|
Usernames must start with a lower case letter or an underscore, followed by lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes\&. They can end with a dollar sign\&. In regular expression terms: [a\-z_][a\-z0\-9_\-]*[$]?
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.PP
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Usernames may only be up to 32 characters long\&.
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.SH "CONFIGURATION"
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.PP
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The following configuration variables in
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/etc/login\&.defs
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change the behavior of this tool:
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.PP
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\fBCREATE_HOME\fR (boolean)
|
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.RS 4
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Indicate if a home directory should be created by default for new users\&.
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.sp
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|
This setting does not apply to system users, and can be overridden on the command line\&.
|
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.RE
|
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.PP
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|
\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
|
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.RS 4
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Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
|
|
\fBuseradd\fR,
|
|
\fBgroupadd\fR, or
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR\&.
|
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.sp
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|
The default value for
|
|
\fBGID_MIN\fR
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(resp\&.
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\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
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.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
|
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.RS 4
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|
The mail spool directory\&. This is needed to manipulate the mailbox when its corresponding user account is modified or deleted\&. If not specified, a compile\-time default is used\&.
|
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.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
|
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.RS 4
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Defines the location of the users mail spool files relatively to their home directory\&.
|
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.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
The
|
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\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
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|
and
|
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\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
|
|
variables are used by
|
|
\fBuseradd\fR,
|
|
\fBusermod\fR, and
|
|
\fBuserdel\fR
|
|
to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
|
|
.PP
|
|
If
|
|
\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
|
|
is set to
|
|
\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
|
|
\fBMAIL\fR
|
|
environment variable\&.
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
|
|
/etc/group
|
|
(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
The maximum number of days a password may be used\&. If the password is older than this, a password change will be forced\&. If not specified, \-1 will be assumed (which disables the restriction)\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
The minimum number of days allowed between password changes\&. Any password changes attempted sooner than this will be rejected\&. If not specified, \-1 will be assumed (which disables the restriction)\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
The number of days warning given before a password expires\&. A zero means warning is given only upon the day of expiration, a negative value means no warning is given\&. If not specified, no warning will be provided\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
|
|
\fBuseradd\fR,
|
|
\fBgroupadd\fR, or
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
The default value for
|
|
\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
|
|
(resp\&.
|
|
\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
|
|
\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR (number)
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by
|
|
\fBuseradd\fR
|
|
or
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
The default value for
|
|
\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR
|
|
(resp\&.
|
|
\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
|
|
\fBUID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBUID_MAX\fR (number), \fBUID_MIN\fR (number)
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by
|
|
\fBuseradd\fR
|
|
or
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
The default value for
|
|
\fBUID_MIN\fR
|
|
(resp\&.
|
|
\fBUID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBUMASK\fR (number)
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
The file mode creation mask is initialized to this value\&. If not specified, the mask will be initialized to 022\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
|
|
\fBuseradd\fR
|
|
and
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR
|
|
use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create
|
|
.sp
|
|
It is also used by
|
|
\fBlogin\fR
|
|
to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
|
|
\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
|
|
is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
|
|
\fIK\fR
|
|
identifier in
|
|
\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Enable setting of the umask group bits to be the same as owner bits (examples: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) for non\-root users, if the uid is the same as gid, and username is the same as the primary group name\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
If set to
|
|
\fIyes\fR,
|
|
\fBuserdel\fR
|
|
will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
|
|
\fBuseradd\fR
|
|
will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.SH "FILES"
|
|
.PP
|
|
/etc/passwd
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
User account information\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
/etc/shadow
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Secure user account information\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
/etc/group
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Group account information\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
/etc/gshadow
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Secure group account information\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
/etc/default/useradd
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Default values for account creation\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
/etc/skel/
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Directory containing default files\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
/etc/login\&.defs
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Shadow password suite configuration\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.SH "EXIT VALUES"
|
|
.PP
|
|
The
|
|
\fBuseradd\fR
|
|
command exits with the following values:
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fI0\fR
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
success
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fI1\fR
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
can\*(Aqt update password file
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fI2\fR
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
invalid command syntax
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fI3\fR
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
invalid argument to option
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fI4\fR
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
UID already in use (and no
|
|
\fB\-o\fR)
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fI6\fR
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fI9\fR
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
username already in use
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fI10\fR
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
can\*(Aqt update group file
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fI12\fR
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
can\*(Aqt create home directory
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fI14\fR
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
can\*(Aqt update SELinux user mapping
|
|
.RE
|
|
.SH "SEE ALSO"
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
\fBchfn\fR(1),
|
|
\fBchsh\fR(1),
|
|
\fBpasswd\fR(1),
|
|
\fBcrypt\fR(3),
|
|
\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
|
|
\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
|
|
\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
|
|
\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR(8),
|
|
\fBuserdel\fR(8),
|
|
\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
|