453 lines
13 KiB
Plaintext
453 lines
13 KiB
Plaintext
'\" t
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.\" Title: newusers
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.\" Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
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.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets vsnapshot <http://docbook.sf.net/>
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.\" Date: 2026-02-01
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.\" Manual: System Management Commands
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.\" Source: shadow-utils 4.19.3
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.\" Language: Chinese Simplified
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.\"
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.TH "NEWUSERS" "8" "2026-02-01" "shadow\-utils 4\&.19\&.3" "System Management Commands"
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" * Define some portability stuff
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
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.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
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.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
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.el .ds Aq '
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" * set default formatting
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" disable hyphenation
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.nh
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.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
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.ad l
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.SH "名称"
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newusers \- 批量更新和创建新用户
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.SH "大纲"
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.HP \w'\fBnewusers\fR\ 'u
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\fBnewusers\fR [\fIoptions\fR] [\fIfile\fR]
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.SH "描述"
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.PP
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The
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\fBnewusers\fR
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command reads a
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\fIfile\fR
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(or the standard input by default) and uses this information to update a set of existing users or to create new users\&. Each line is in the same format as the standard password file (see
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\fBpasswd\fR(5)) with the exceptions explained below:
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.PP
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pw_name:pw_passwd:pw_uid:pw_gid:pw_gecos:pw_dir:pw_shell
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.PP
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\fIpw_name\fR
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.RS 4
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这是用户的用户名。
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.sp
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It can be the name of a new user or the name of an existing user (or a user created before by
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\fBnewusers\fR)\&. In case of an existing user, the user\*(Aqs information will be changed, otherwise a new user will be created\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fIpw_passwd\fR
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.RS 4
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If this field is not empty, it will be encrypted and used as the new value of the encrypted password\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fIpw_uid\fR
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.RS 4
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此字段用于定义用户的 UID。
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.sp
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If the field is empty, a new (unused) UID will be defined automatically by
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\fBnewusers\fR\&.
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.sp
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如果此字段包含一个数字，此数字会用于 UID。
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.sp
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If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of a user created before by
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\fBnewusers\fR), the UID of the specified user will be used\&.
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.sp
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如果一个现有用户更改了 UID，此用户的文件所有权需要手动修复。
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.RE
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.PP
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\fIpw_gid\fR
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.RS 4
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此字段用于定义用户的主组 ID。
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.sp
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If this field contains the name of an existing group (or a group created before by
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\fBnewusers\fR), the GID of this group will be used as the primary group ID for the user\&.
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.sp
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如果此字段是一个数字，此数字会被用作此用户的主组 ID。如果没有对应此 GID 的现有组，将会使用此 GID 创建一个新组，名称和用户名相同。
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.sp
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If this field is empty, a new group will be created with the name of the user and a GID will be automatically defined by
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\fBnewusers\fR
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to be used as the primary group ID for the user and as the GID for the new group\&.
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.sp
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If this field contains the name of a group which does not exist (and was not created before by
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\fBnewusers\fR), a new group will be created with the specified name and a GID will be automatically defined by
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\fBnewusers\fR
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to be used as the primary group ID for the user and GID for the new group\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fIpw_gecos\fR
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.RS 4
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此字段复制到用户的 GECOS 字段。
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.RE
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.PP
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\fIpw_dir\fR
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.RS 4
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此字段用于定义用户的主目录。
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.sp
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If this field does not specify an existing directory, the specified directory is created, with ownership set to the user being created or updated and its primary group\&. Note that
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\fInewusers does not create parent directories \fR
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of the new user\*(Aqs home directory\&. The newusers command will fail to create the home directory if the parent directories do not exist, and will send a message to stderr informing the user of the failure\&. The newusers command will not halt or return a failure to the calling shell if it fails to create the home directory, it will continue to process the batch of new users specified\&.
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.sp
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If the home directory of an existing user is changed,
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\fBnewusers\fR
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does not move or copy the content of the old directory to the new location\&. This should be done manually\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fIpw_shell\fR
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.RS 4
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此字段定义了用户的 shell。对此字段不进行任何检查。
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBnewusers\fR
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first tries to create or change all the specified users, and then write these changes to the user or group databases\&. If an error occurs (except in the final writes to the databases), no changes are committed to the databases\&.
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.PP
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此命令一般用于在大型的应用环境中，对大量账户进行一次性更新。
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.SH "选项"
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.PP
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The options which apply to the
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\fBnewusers\fR
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command are:
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.PP
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\fB\-\-badname\fR\ \&
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.RS 4
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Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-crypt\-method\fR
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.RS 4
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使用指定的方法加密密码。
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.sp
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可用的方法有 DES, MD5, NONE, and SHA256 或 SHA512，前提是您的 libc 支持这写方法。
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
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.RS 4
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显示帮助信息并退出。
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR
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.RS 4
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创建一个系统账户。
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.sp
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System users will be created with no aging information in
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/etc/shadow, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the
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\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR
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range, defined in
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login\&.defs, instead of
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\fBUID_MIN\fR\-\fBUID_MAX\fR
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(and their
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\fBGID\fR
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counterparts for the creation of groups)\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
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.RS 4
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Apply changes in the
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\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
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directory and use the configuration files from the
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\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
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directory\&. Only absolute paths are supported\&. No SELINUX support\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sha\-rounds\fR
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.RS 4
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使用指定次数的轮转来加密密码。
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.sp
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You can only use this option with crypt method:
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\fISHA256\fR \fISHA512\fR
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.sp
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By default, the number of rounds for SHA256 or SHA512 is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in
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/etc/login\&.defs\&.
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.sp
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A minimal value of 1000 and a maximal value of 999,999,999 will be enforced for SHA256 and SHA512\&. The default is 5000\&.
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.RE
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.SH "CAVEATS"
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.PP
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输入文件必须受到保护，因为它包含未加密的密码。
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.PP
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您需要确保你吗和加密方法符合系统的密码策略。
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.SH "配置文件"
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.PP
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The following configuration variables in
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/etc/login\&.defs
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change the behavior of this tool:
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.PP
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\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
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.RS 4
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This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting passwords (if no algorithm is specified on the command line)\&.
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.sp
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It can take one of these values:
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\fIDES\fR
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(default),
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\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&. MD5 and DES should not be used for new hashes, see
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crypt(5)
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for recommendations\&.
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.sp
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Note: this parameter overrides the
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\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
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variable\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
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.RS 4
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Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
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\fBuseradd\fR,
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\fBgroupadd\fR, or
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\fBnewusers\fR\&.
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.sp
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The default value for
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\fBGID_MIN\fR
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(resp\&.
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\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBHOME_MODE\fR (number)
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.RS 4
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The mode for new home directories\&. If not specified, the
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\fBUMASK\fR
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is used to create the mode\&.
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.sp
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\fBuseradd\fR
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and
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\fBnewusers\fR
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use this to set the mode of the home directory they create\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
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.RS 4
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Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
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/etc/group
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(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
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.sp
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The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
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.sp
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This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
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.sp
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If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
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.sp
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Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
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.RS 4
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Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
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\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
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\fIno\fR
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if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
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\fIno\fR\&.
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.sp
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This variable is superseded by the
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\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
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variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
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.sp
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This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
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\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
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.RS 4
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The maximum number of days a password may be used\&. If the password is older than this, a password change will be forced\&. If not specified, \-1 will be assumed (which disables the restriction)\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
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.RS 4
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The minimum number of days allowed between password changes\&. Any password changes attempted sooner than this will be rejected\&. If not specified, 0 will be assumed (which disables the restriction)\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
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.RS 4
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The number of days warning given before a password expires\&. A zero means warning is given only upon the day of expiration, a value of \-1 means no warning is given\&. If not specified, no warning will be provided\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
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.RS 4
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When
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\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
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is set to
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\fISHA256\fR
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or
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\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
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.sp
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With a lot of rounds, it is more difficult to brute force the password\&. But note also that more CPU resources will be needed to authenticate users\&.
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.sp
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If not specified, the libc will choose the default number of rounds (5000), which is orders of magnitude too low for modern hardware\&.
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.sp
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The values must be inside the 1000\-999,999,999 range\&.
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.sp
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If only one of the
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\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
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or
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\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
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values is set, then this value will be used\&.
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.sp
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If
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\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
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>
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\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
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.RS 4
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If
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/etc/subuid
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exists, the commands
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\fBuseradd\fR
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and
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\fBnewusers\fR
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(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
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\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
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unused group IDs from the range
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\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
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to
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\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
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for each new user\&.
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.sp
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The default values for
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\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
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\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
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\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
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are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
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.RS 4
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If
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/etc/subuid
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exists, the commands
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\fBuseradd\fR
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and
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\fBnewusers\fR
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(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
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\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
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unused user IDs from the range
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\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
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to
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\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
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for each new user\&.
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.sp
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The default values for
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\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
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\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
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\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
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are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
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.RS 4
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Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
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\fBuseradd\fR,
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\fBgroupadd\fR, or
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\fBnewusers\fR\&.
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.sp
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The default value for
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\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
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(resp\&.
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\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
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\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR (number)
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.RS 4
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Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by
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\fBuseradd\fR
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or
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\fBnewusers\fR\&.
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.sp
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The default value for
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\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR
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(resp\&.
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\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
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\fBUID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBUID_MAX\fR (number), \fBUID_MIN\fR (number)
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.RS 4
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Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by
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\fBuseradd\fR
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or
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\fBnewusers\fR\&.
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.sp
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The default value for
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\fBUID_MIN\fR
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(resp\&.
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\fBUID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBUMASK\fR (number)
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.RS 4
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The file mode creation mask is initialized to this value\&. If not specified, the mask will be initialized to 022\&.
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.sp
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\fBuseradd\fR
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and
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\fBnewusers\fR
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use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
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\fBHOME_MODE\fR
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is not set\&.
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.sp
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It is also used by
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\fBlogin\fR
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to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
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\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
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|
is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
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\fIK\fR
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identifier in
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\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
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.RE
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.SH "文件"
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|
.PP
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/etc/passwd
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.RS 4
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|
用户账户信息。
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.RE
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.PP
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/etc/shadow
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|
.RS 4
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安全用户账户信息。
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.RE
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.PP
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/etc/group
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.RS 4
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组账户信息。
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.RE
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.PP
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/etc/gshadow
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.RS 4
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安全组账户信息。
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.RE
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.PP
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/etc/login\&.defs
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.RS 4
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Shadow 密码套件配置。
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.RE
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.PP
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/etc/subgid
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.RS 4
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Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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/etc/subuid
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.RS 4
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Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
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.RE
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.SH "参见"
|
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.PP
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\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
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\fBpasswd\fR(1),
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\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
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\fBuseradd\fR(8)\&.
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