Chris Hofstaedtler
221 lines
6.7 KiB
Plaintext
221 lines
6.7 KiB
Plaintext
'\" t
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.\" Title: chpasswd
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.\" Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
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.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets vsnapshot <http://docbook.sf.net/>
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.\" Date: 01/02/2026
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.\" Manual: System Management Commands
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.\" Source: shadow-utils 4.19.3
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.\" Language: Italian
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.\"
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.TH "CHPASSWD" "8" "01/02/2026" "shadow\-utils 4\&.19\&.3" "System Management Commands"
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" * Define some portability stuff
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
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.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
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.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
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.el .ds Aq '
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" * set default formatting
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" disable hyphenation
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.nh
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.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
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.ad l
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.SH "NOME"
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chpasswd \- aggiorna le password in modo non interattivo
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.SH "SINOSSI"
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.HP \w'\fBchpasswd\fR\ 'u
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\fBchpasswd\fR [\fIoptions\fR]
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.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
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.PP
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The
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\fBchpasswd\fR
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command reads a list of user name and password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a group of existing users\&. Each line is of the format:
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.PP
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\fIuser_name\fR:\fIpassword\fR
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.PP
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By default the passwords must be supplied in clear\-text, and are encrypted by
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\fBchpasswd\fR\&. Also the password age will be updated, if present\&.
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.PP
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The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the
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\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
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or
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\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
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variables of
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/etc/login\&.defs, and can be overwritten with the
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\fB\-e\fR,
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\fB\-m\fR, or
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\fB\-c\fR
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options\&.
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.PP
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\fBchpasswd\fR
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first updates all the passwords in memory, and then commits all the changes to disk if no errors occurred for any user\&.
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.PP
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Questo comando \(`e appositamente pensato per grossi sistemi in cui si abbia la necessit\(`a di creare molti account nello stesso momento\&.
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.SH "OPZIONI"
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.PP
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The options which apply to the
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\fBchpasswd\fR
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command are:
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.PP
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\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-crypt\-method\fR\ \&\fIMETHOD\fR
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.RS 4
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Utilizza il metodo specificato per cifrare le password\&.
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.sp
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The available methods are
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\fIDES\fR,
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\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR
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and
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\fINONE\fR
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if your libc supports these methods\&.
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.sp
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By default (if none of the
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\fB\-c\fR,
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\fB\-m\fR, or
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\fB\-e\fR
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options are specified), the encryption method is defined by the
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\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
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or
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\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
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variables of
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/etc/login\&.defs\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-encrypted\fR
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.RS 4
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Le password fornite sono in forma cifrata\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
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.RS 4
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Mostra un messaggio di aiuto ed esce\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-md5\fR
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.RS 4
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Usa la cifratura MD5 anzich\('e DES quando le password fornite non sono cifrate\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
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.RS 4
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Apply changes in the
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\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
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directory and use the configuration files from the
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\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
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directory\&. Only absolute paths are supported\&. No SELINUX support\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
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.RS 4
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Apply changes to configuration files under the root filesystem found under the directory
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\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sha\-rounds\fR\ \&\fIROUNDS\fR
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.RS 4
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Usa il numero specificato di cicli per cifrare la password\&.
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.sp
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You can only use this option with crypt method:
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\fISHA256\fR \fISHA512\fR
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.sp
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By default, the number of rounds for SHA256 or SHA512 is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in
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/etc/login\&.defs\&.
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.sp
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A minimal value of 1000 and a maximal value of 999,999,999 will be enforced for SHA256 and SHA512\&. The default number of rounds is 5000\&.
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.RE
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.SH "AVVISI/CAVEAT"
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.PP
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Ricordarsi di impostare i permessi o umask in modo da prevenire la lettura in chiaro da parte di altri utenti\&.
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.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
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.PP
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The following configuration variables in
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/etc/login\&.defs
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change the behavior of this tool:
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.PP
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\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
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.RS 4
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This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting passwords (if no algorithm is specified on the command line)\&.
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.sp
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It can take one of these values:
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\fIDES\fR
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(default),
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\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&. MD5 and DES should not be used for new hashes, see
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crypt(5)
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for recommendations\&.
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.sp
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Note: this parameter overrides the
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\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
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variable\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
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.RS 4
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Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
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\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
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\fIno\fR
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if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
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\fIno\fR\&.
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.sp
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This variable is superseded by the
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\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
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variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
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.sp
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This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
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\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
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.RS 4
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When
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\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
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is set to
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\fISHA256\fR
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or
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\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
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.sp
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With a lot of rounds, it is more difficult to brute force the password\&. But note also that more CPU resources will be needed to authenticate users\&.
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.sp
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If not specified, the libc will choose the default number of rounds (5000), which is orders of magnitude too low for modern hardware\&.
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.sp
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The values must be inside the 1000\-999,999,999 range\&.
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.sp
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If only one of the
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\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
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or
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\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
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values is set, then this value will be used\&.
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.sp
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If
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\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
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>
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\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
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.RE
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.SH "FILE"
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.PP
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/etc/passwd
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.RS 4
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Informazioni sugli account utente\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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/etc/shadow
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.RS 4
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Informazioni sicure sugli account utente\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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/etc/login\&.defs
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.RS 4
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Configurazione del pacchetto password shadow
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.RE
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.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
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.PP
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\fBpasswd\fR(1),
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\fBnewusers\fR(8),
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\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
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\fBuseradd\fR(8)\&.
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