453 lines
14 KiB
Groff
453 lines
14 KiB
Groff
'\" t
|
|
.\" Title: newusers
|
|
.\" Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
|
|
.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets vsnapshot <http://docbook.sf.net/>
|
|
.\" Date: 01.02.2026
|
|
.\" Manual: System Management Commands
|
|
.\" Source: shadow-utils 4.19.3
|
|
.\" Language: German
|
|
.\"
|
|
.TH "NEWUSERS" "8" "01.02.2026" "shadow\-utils 4\&.19\&.3" "System Management Commands"
|
|
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
.\" * Define some portability stuff
|
|
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
|
|
.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
|
|
.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
|
|
.el .ds Aq '
|
|
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
.\" * set default formatting
|
|
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
.\" disable hyphenation
|
|
.nh
|
|
.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
|
|
.ad l
|
|
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
|
|
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
.SH "NAME"
|
|
newusers \- erstellt neue oder aktualisiert vorhandene Benutzerkonten in einem Aufruf
|
|
.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
|
|
.HP \w'\fBnewusers\fR\ 'u
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR [\fIoptions\fR] [\fIfile\fR]
|
|
.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
|
|
.PP
|
|
The
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR
|
|
command reads a
|
|
\fIfile\fR
|
|
(or the standard input by default) and uses this information to update a set of existing users or to create new users\&. Each line is in the same format as the standard password file (see
|
|
\fBpasswd\fR(5)) with the exceptions explained below:
|
|
.PP
|
|
pw_Name:pw_Passwort:pw_Benutzerkennung:pw_Gruppenkennung:pw_GECOS:pw_Verzeichnis:pw_Shell
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fIpw_name\fR
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Dies ist der Anmeldename des Benutzers\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
It can be the name of a new user or the name of an existing user (or a user created before by
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR)\&. In case of an existing user, the user\*(Aqs information will be changed, otherwise a new user will be created\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fIpw_passwd\fR
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
If this field is not empty, it will be encrypted and used as the new value of the encrypted password\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fIpw_uid\fR
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Mit diesem Feld wird die Benutzerkennung festgelegt\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
If the field is empty, a new (unused) UID will be defined automatically by
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
Wenn dieses Feld eine Zahl enth\(:alt, wird sie als Benutzerkennung \(:ubernommen\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of a user created before by
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR), the UID of the specified user will be used\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
Falls die Kennung eines bestehenden Benutzers ver\(:andert wird, muss bei den Dateien des Benutzers der Eigent\(:umer per Hand angepasst werden\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fIpw_gid\fR
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Mit diesem Feld wird die Kennung der prim\(:aren Gruppe des Benutzers festgelegt\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
If this field contains the name of an existing group (or a group created before by
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR), the GID of this group will be used as the primary group ID for the user\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
Wenn dieses Feld eine Zahl enth\(:alt, wird sie als Kennung der prim\(:aren Gruppe des Benutzers verwendet\&. Falls keine Gruppe mit dieser Kennung existiert, wird eine neue Gruppe mit dieser Kennung und dem Namen des Benutzers erstellt\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
If this field is empty, a new group will be created with the name of the user and a GID will be automatically defined by
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR
|
|
to be used as the primary group ID for the user and as the GID for the new group\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
If this field contains the name of a group which does not exist (and was not created before by
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR), a new group will be created with the specified name and a GID will be automatically defined by
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR
|
|
to be used as the primary group ID for the user and GID for the new group\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fIpw_gecos\fR
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Dieses Feld wird in das GECOS\-Feld des Benutzers kopiert\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fIpw_dir\fR
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
In diesem Feld wird das pers\(:onliche Verzeichnis des Benutzers definiert\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
If this field does not specify an existing directory, the specified directory is created, with ownership set to the user being created or updated and its primary group\&. Note that
|
|
\fInewusers does not create parent directories \fR
|
|
of the new user\*(Aqs home directory\&. The newusers command will fail to create the home directory if the parent directories do not exist, and will send a message to stderr informing the user of the failure\&. The newusers command will not halt or return a failure to the calling shell if it fails to create the home directory, it will continue to process the batch of new users specified\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
If the home directory of an existing user is changed,
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR
|
|
does not move or copy the content of the old directory to the new location\&. This should be done manually\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fIpw_shell\fR
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Mit diesem Feld wird die Shell des Benutzers festgelegt, wobei diese Eingabe nicht \(:uberpr\(:uft wird\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR
|
|
first tries to create or change all the specified users, and then write these changes to the user or group databases\&. If an error occurs (except in the final writes to the databases), no changes are committed to the databases\&.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Dieser Befehl ist f\(:ur weitreichende Systeme gedacht, bei denenviele Konten gleichzeitig angelegt werden m\(:ussen\&.
|
|
.SH "OPTIONEN"
|
|
.PP
|
|
The options which apply to the
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR
|
|
command are:
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fB\-\-badname\fR\ \&
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
erlaube Namen, die nicht den Standards entsprechen\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-crypt\-method\fR
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
definiert die Methode, mit der die Passw\(:orter verschl\(:usselt werden\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
Die verf\(:ugbaren Methoden sind, sofern Ihre libc diese bereitstellt, DES, MD5, NONE und SHA256 oder SHA512\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
zeigt die Hilfe an und beendet das Programm\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
erstellt ein Systemkonto
|
|
.sp
|
|
System users will be created with no aging information in
|
|
/etc/shadow, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the
|
|
\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR
|
|
range, defined in
|
|
login\&.defs, instead of
|
|
\fBUID_MIN\fR\-\fBUID_MAX\fR
|
|
(and their
|
|
\fBGID\fR
|
|
counterparts for the creation of groups)\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Apply changes in the
|
|
\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
|
|
directory and use the configuration files from the
|
|
\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
|
|
directory\&. Only absolute paths are supported\&. No SELINUX support\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sha\-rounds\fR
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
legt die Anzahl von Runden beim Verschl\(:usseln von Passw\(:ortern fest\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
You can only use this option with crypt method:
|
|
\fISHA256\fR \fISHA512\fR
|
|
.sp
|
|
By default, the number of rounds for SHA256 or SHA512 is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in
|
|
/etc/login\&.defs\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
A minimal value of 1000 and a maximal value of 999,999,999 will be enforced for SHA256 and SHA512\&. The default is 5000\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.SH "WARNUNGEN"
|
|
.PP
|
|
Die Eingabedatei muss gesch\(:utzt werden, da sie unverschl\(:usselte Passw\(:orter enth\(:alt\&.
|
|
.PP
|
|
Sie sollten darauf achten, dass Passw\(:orter und Verschl\(:usselungsmethode in Einklang mit der Passwortrichtlinie des Systems stehen\&.
|
|
.SH "KONFIGURATION"
|
|
.PP
|
|
The following configuration variables in
|
|
/etc/login\&.defs
|
|
change the behavior of this tool:
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting passwords (if no algorithm is specified on the command line)\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
It can take one of these values:
|
|
\fIDES\fR
|
|
(default),
|
|
\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&. MD5 and DES should not be used for new hashes, see
|
|
crypt(5)
|
|
for recommendations\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
Note: this parameter overrides the
|
|
\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
|
|
variable\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
|
|
\fBuseradd\fR,
|
|
\fBgroupadd\fR, or
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
The default value for
|
|
\fBGID_MIN\fR
|
|
(resp\&.
|
|
\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBHOME_MODE\fR (number)
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
The mode for new home directories\&. If not specified, the
|
|
\fBUMASK\fR
|
|
is used to create the mode\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
\fBuseradd\fR
|
|
and
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR
|
|
use this to set the mode of the home directory they create\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
|
|
/etc/group
|
|
(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
|
|
\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
|
|
\fIno\fR
|
|
if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
|
|
\fIno\fR\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
This variable is superseded by the
|
|
\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
|
|
variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
|
|
\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
The maximum number of days a password may be used\&. If the password is older than this, a password change will be forced\&. If not specified, \-1 will be assumed (which disables the restriction)\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
The minimum number of days allowed between password changes\&. Any password changes attempted sooner than this will be rejected\&. If not specified, 0 will be assumed (which disables the restriction)\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
The number of days warning given before a password expires\&. A zero means warning is given only upon the day of expiration, a value of \-1 means no warning is given\&. If not specified, no warning will be provided\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
When
|
|
\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
|
|
is set to
|
|
\fISHA256\fR
|
|
or
|
|
\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
With a lot of rounds, it is more difficult to brute force the password\&. But note also that more CPU resources will be needed to authenticate users\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
If not specified, the libc will choose the default number of rounds (5000), which is orders of magnitude too low for modern hardware\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
The values must be inside the 1000\-999,999,999 range\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
If only one of the
|
|
\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
|
|
or
|
|
\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
|
|
values is set, then this value will be used\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
If
|
|
\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
|
|
>
|
|
\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
If
|
|
/etc/subuid
|
|
exists, the commands
|
|
\fBuseradd\fR
|
|
and
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR
|
|
(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
|
|
\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
|
|
unused group IDs from the range
|
|
\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
|
|
to
|
|
\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
|
|
for each new user\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
The default values for
|
|
\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
|
|
\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
|
|
\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
|
|
are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
If
|
|
/etc/subuid
|
|
exists, the commands
|
|
\fBuseradd\fR
|
|
and
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR
|
|
(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
|
|
\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
|
|
unused user IDs from the range
|
|
\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
|
|
to
|
|
\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
|
|
for each new user\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
The default values for
|
|
\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
|
|
\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
|
|
\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
|
|
are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
|
|
\fBuseradd\fR,
|
|
\fBgroupadd\fR, or
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
The default value for
|
|
\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
|
|
(resp\&.
|
|
\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
|
|
\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR (number)
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by
|
|
\fBuseradd\fR
|
|
or
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
The default value for
|
|
\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR
|
|
(resp\&.
|
|
\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
|
|
\fBUID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBUID_MAX\fR (number), \fBUID_MIN\fR (number)
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by
|
|
\fBuseradd\fR
|
|
or
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
The default value for
|
|
\fBUID_MIN\fR
|
|
(resp\&.
|
|
\fBUID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBUMASK\fR (number)
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
The file mode creation mask is initialized to this value\&. If not specified, the mask will be initialized to 022\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
\fBuseradd\fR
|
|
and
|
|
\fBnewusers\fR
|
|
use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
|
|
\fBHOME_MODE\fR
|
|
is not set\&.
|
|
.sp
|
|
It is also used by
|
|
\fBlogin\fR
|
|
to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
|
|
\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
|
|
is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
|
|
\fIK\fR
|
|
identifier in
|
|
\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.SH "DATEIEN"
|
|
.PP
|
|
/etc/passwd
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
/etc/shadow
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
gesch\(:utzte Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
/etc/group
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
/etc/gshadow
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
gesch\(:utzte Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
/etc/login\&.defs
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
konfiguriert die Shadow\-Hilfsprogramme\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
/etc/subgid
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
enth\(:alt untergeordnete Gruppenkennungen der einzelnen Benutzer\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.PP
|
|
/etc/subuid
|
|
.RS 4
|
|
enth\(:alt untergeordnete Benutzerkennungen der einzelnen Benutzer\&.
|
|
.RE
|
|
.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
|
|
.PP
|
|
\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
|
|
\fBpasswd\fR(1),
|
|
\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
|
|
\fBuseradd\fR(8)\&.
|