453 lines
15 KiB
Groff
453 lines
15 KiB
Groff
'\" t
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.\" Title: newusers
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.\" Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
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.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets vsnapshot <http://docbook.sf.net/>
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.\" Date: 01/02/2026
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.\" Manual: System Management Commands
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.\" Source: shadow-utils 4.19.3
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.\" Language: Ukrainian
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.\"
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.TH "newusers" "8" "01/02/2026" "shadow\-utils 4\&.19\&.3" "System Management Commands"
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" * Define some portability stuff
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
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.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
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.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
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.el .ds Aq '
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" * set default formatting
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" disable hyphenation
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.nh
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.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
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.ad l
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
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.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
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.SH "НАЗВА"
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newusers \- пакетне оновлення і створення облікових записів користувачів
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.SH "КОРОТКИЙ ОГЛЯД"
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.HP \w'\fBnewusers\fR\ 'u
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\fBnewusers\fR [\fIoptions\fR] [\fIfile\fR]
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.SH "ОПИС"
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.PP
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The
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\fBnewusers\fR
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command reads a
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\fIfile\fR
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(or the standard input by default) and uses this information to update a set of existing users or to create new users\&. Each line is in the same format as the standard password file (see
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\fBpasswd\fR(5)) with the exceptions explained below:
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.PP
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pw_name:pw_passwd:pw_uid:pw_gid:pw_gecos:pw_dir:pw_shell
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.PP
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\fIpw_name\fR
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.RS 4
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Це ім\*(Aqя користувача\&.
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.sp
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It can be the name of a new user or the name of an existing user (or a user created before by
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\fBnewusers\fR)\&. In case of an existing user, the user\*(Aqs information will be changed, otherwise a new user will be created\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fIpw_passwd\fR
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.RS 4
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If this field is not empty, it will be encrypted and used as the new value of the encrypted password\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fIpw_uid\fR
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.RS 4
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Це поле буде використано для визначення UID користувача\&.
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.sp
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If the field is empty, a new (unused) UID will be defined automatically by
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\fBnewusers\fR\&.
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.sp
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Якщо у цьому полі міститься число, це число буде використано як UID\&.
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.sp
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If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of a user created before by
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\fBnewusers\fR), the UID of the specified user will be used\&.
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.sp
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Якщо буде змінено UID наявного користувача, власність на файли файла користувача має бути виправлено вручну\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fIpw_gid\fR
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.RS 4
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Це поле використовують для визначення ідентифікатора основної групи користувача\&.
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.sp
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If this field contains the name of an existing group (or a group created before by
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\fBnewusers\fR), the GID of this group will be used as the primary group ID for the user\&.
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.sp
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Якщо у цьому полі записано число, це число буде використано як ідентифікатор основної групи користувача\&. Якщо груп із цим GID не існує, буде створено нову групу з цим GID і назвою, яка збігається із іменем користувача\&.
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.sp
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If this field is empty, a new group will be created with the name of the user and a GID will be automatically defined by
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\fBnewusers\fR
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to be used as the primary group ID for the user and as the GID for the new group\&.
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.sp
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If this field contains the name of a group which does not exist (and was not created before by
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\fBnewusers\fR), a new group will be created with the specified name and a GID will be automatically defined by
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\fBnewusers\fR
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to be used as the primary group ID for the user and GID for the new group\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fIpw_gecos\fR
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.RS 4
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Це поле буде скопійовано до поля GECOS користувача\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fIpw_dir\fR
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.RS 4
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Це поле призначено для визначення домашнього каталогу користувача\&.
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.sp
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If this field does not specify an existing directory, the specified directory is created, with ownership set to the user being created or updated and its primary group\&. Note that
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\fInewusers does not create parent directories \fR
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of the new user\*(Aqs home directory\&. The newusers command will fail to create the home directory if the parent directories do not exist, and will send a message to stderr informing the user of the failure\&. The newusers command will not halt or return a failure to the calling shell if it fails to create the home directory, it will continue to process the batch of new users specified\&.
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.sp
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If the home directory of an existing user is changed,
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\fBnewusers\fR
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does not move or copy the content of the old directory to the new location\&. This should be done manually\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fIpw_shell\fR
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.RS 4
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Це поле визначає командну оболонку користувача\&. Перевірки щодо вмісту цього поля не виконуються\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBnewusers\fR
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first tries to create or change all the specified users, and then write these changes to the user or group databases\&. If an error occurs (except in the final writes to the databases), no changes are committed to the databases\&.
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.PP
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Цю команду призначено для використання у великих системних середовищах, де одночасно оновлюють багато облікових записів\&.
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.SH "ПАРАМЕТРИ"
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.PP
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The options which apply to the
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\fBnewusers\fR
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command are:
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.PP
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\fB\-\-badname\fR\ \&
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.RS 4
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Дозволити назви, які не відповідають стандартам\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-crypt\-method\fR
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.RS 4
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Скористатися для шифрування паролів вказаним методом\&.
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.sp
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Доступними методами є DES, MD5, NONE і SHA256 або SHA512, якщо у вашій libc передбачено підтримку цих методів\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
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.RS 4
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Показати довідкове повідомлення і завершити роботу\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR
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.RS 4
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Створити загальносистемний обліковий запис\&.
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.sp
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System users will be created with no aging information in
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/etc/shadow, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the
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\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR
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range, defined in
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login\&.defs, instead of
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\fBUID_MIN\fR\-\fBUID_MAX\fR
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(and their
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\fBGID\fR
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counterparts for the creation of groups)\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
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.RS 4
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Apply changes in the
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\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
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directory and use the configuration files from the
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\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
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directory\&. Only absolute paths are supported\&. No SELINUX support\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sha\-rounds\fR
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.RS 4
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Використати вказану кількість циклів шифрування паролів\&.
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.sp
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You can only use this option with crypt method:
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\fISHA256\fR \fISHA512\fR
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.sp
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By default, the number of rounds for SHA256 or SHA512 is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in
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/etc/login\&.defs\&.
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.sp
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A minimal value of 1000 and a maximal value of 999,999,999 will be enforced for SHA256 and SHA512\&. The default is 5000\&.
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.RE
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.SH "ЗАСТЕРЕЖЕННЯ"
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.PP
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Файл вхідних даних має бути захищено, оскільки у ньому зберігаються незашифровані паролі\&.
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.PP
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Вам слід переконатися, що паролі і метод шифрування відповідає правилам поводження з паролями у системі\&.
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.SH "НАЛАШТУВАННЯ"
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.PP
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The following configuration variables in
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/etc/login\&.defs
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change the behavior of this tool:
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.PP
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\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
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.RS 4
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This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting passwords (if no algorithm is specified on the command line)\&.
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.sp
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It can take one of these values:
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\fIDES\fR
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(default),
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\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&. MD5 and DES should not be used for new hashes, see
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crypt(5)
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for recommendations\&.
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.sp
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Note: this parameter overrides the
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\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
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variable\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
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.RS 4
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Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
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\fBuseradd\fR,
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\fBgroupadd\fR, or
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\fBnewusers\fR\&.
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.sp
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The default value for
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\fBGID_MIN\fR
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(resp\&.
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\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBHOME_MODE\fR (number)
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.RS 4
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The mode for new home directories\&. If not specified, the
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\fBUMASK\fR
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is used to create the mode\&.
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.sp
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\fBuseradd\fR
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and
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\fBnewusers\fR
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use this to set the mode of the home directory they create\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
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.RS 4
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Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
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/etc/group
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(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
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.sp
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The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
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.sp
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This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
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.sp
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If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
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.sp
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Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
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.RS 4
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Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
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\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
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\fIno\fR
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if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
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\fIno\fR\&.
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.sp
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This variable is superseded by the
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\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
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variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
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.sp
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This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
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\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
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.RS 4
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The maximum number of days a password may be used\&. If the password is older than this, a password change will be forced\&. If not specified, \-1 will be assumed (which disables the restriction)\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
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.RS 4
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The minimum number of days allowed between password changes\&. Any password changes attempted sooner than this will be rejected\&. If not specified, 0 will be assumed (which disables the restriction)\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
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.RS 4
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The number of days warning given before a password expires\&. A zero means warning is given only upon the day of expiration, a value of \-1 means no warning is given\&. If not specified, no warning will be provided\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
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.RS 4
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When
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\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
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is set to
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\fISHA256\fR
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or
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\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
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.sp
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With a lot of rounds, it is more difficult to brute force the password\&. But note also that more CPU resources will be needed to authenticate users\&.
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.sp
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If not specified, the libc will choose the default number of rounds (5000), which is orders of magnitude too low for modern hardware\&.
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.sp
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The values must be inside the 1000\-999,999,999 range\&.
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.sp
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If only one of the
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\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
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or
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\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
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values is set, then this value will be used\&.
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.sp
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If
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\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
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>
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\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
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.RS 4
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If
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/etc/subuid
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exists, the commands
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\fBuseradd\fR
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and
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\fBnewusers\fR
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(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
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\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
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unused group IDs from the range
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\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
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to
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\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
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for each new user\&.
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.sp
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The default values for
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\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
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\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
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\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
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are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
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.RE
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.PP
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\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
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.RS 4
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If
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/etc/subuid
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exists, the commands
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\fBuseradd\fR
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and
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\fBnewusers\fR
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(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
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\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
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unused user IDs from the range
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\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
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to
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\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
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for each new user\&.
|
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.sp
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The default values for
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\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
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\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
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\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
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are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
|
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.RE
|
||
.PP
|
||
\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
|
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.RS 4
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Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
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\fBuseradd\fR,
|
||
\fBgroupadd\fR, or
|
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\fBnewusers\fR\&.
|
||
.sp
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||
The default value for
|
||
\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
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||
(resp\&.
|
||
\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
|
||
\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
|
||
.RE
|
||
.PP
|
||
\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR (number)
|
||
.RS 4
|
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Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by
|
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\fBuseradd\fR
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||
or
|
||
\fBnewusers\fR\&.
|
||
.sp
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||
The default value for
|
||
\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR
|
||
(resp\&.
|
||
\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
|
||
\fBUID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
|
||
.RE
|
||
.PP
|
||
\fBUID_MAX\fR (number), \fBUID_MIN\fR (number)
|
||
.RS 4
|
||
Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by
|
||
\fBuseradd\fR
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||
or
|
||
\fBnewusers\fR\&.
|
||
.sp
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||
The default value for
|
||
\fBUID_MIN\fR
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||
(resp\&.
|
||
\fBUID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
|
||
.RE
|
||
.PP
|
||
\fBUMASK\fR (number)
|
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.RS 4
|
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The file mode creation mask is initialized to this value\&. If not specified, the mask will be initialized to 022\&.
|
||
.sp
|
||
\fBuseradd\fR
|
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and
|
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\fBnewusers\fR
|
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use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
|
||
\fBHOME_MODE\fR
|
||
is not set\&.
|
||
.sp
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||
It is also used by
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||
\fBlogin\fR
|
||
to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
|
||
\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
|
||
is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
|
||
\fIK\fR
|
||
identifier in
|
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\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
|
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.RE
|
||
.SH "ФАЙЛИ"
|
||
.PP
|
||
/etc/passwd
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.RS 4
|
||
Відомості щодо облікових записів користувача\&.
|
||
.RE
|
||
.PP
|
||
/etc/shadow
|
||
.RS 4
|
||
Відомості щодо захищених облікових записів користувачів\&.
|
||
.RE
|
||
.PP
|
||
/etc/group
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||
.RS 4
|
||
Відомості щодо груп облікових записів\&.
|
||
.RE
|
||
.PP
|
||
/etc/gshadow
|
||
.RS 4
|
||
Відомості щодо захищених груп облікових записів\&.
|
||
.RE
|
||
.PP
|
||
/etc/login\&.defs
|
||
.RS 4
|
||
Налаштування комплексу для роботи з прихованими паролями\&.
|
||
.RE
|
||
.PP
|
||
/etc/subgid
|
||
.RS 4
|
||
Окремі для користувачів ідентифікатори підлеглих груп\&.
|
||
.RE
|
||
.PP
|
||
/etc/subuid
|
||
.RS 4
|
||
Окремі для користувачів ідентифікатори підлеглих користувачів\&.
|
||
.RE
|
||
.SH "ДИВ\&. ТАКОЖ"
|
||
.PP
|
||
\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
|
||
\fBpasswd\fR(1),
|
||
\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
|
||
\fBuseradd\fR(8)\&.
|